Individual soft avatars in digital clothing development using the example of compression stocking-leg interaction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25367/cdatp.2025.6.p273-284Keywords:
Soft avatars, Compression, stocking-leg interaction, FEM modelling, Clothing developmentAbstract
Digital clothing development still takes place largely on rigid avatars. This established method is usable for clothing that is far from the body, such as dresses or jackets, but is limited for clothing that is close to the body. Close to the body clothing interacts with the individual body, where both body and clothing deform.
This paper presents the modeling of a deformable leg in interaction with a compression stocking. This modelling allows the fit and function of the compression stocking to be individually examined and improved.
References
TUKATECH. Accessed: Mar. 26 2025. Available: https://tukatech.com/
Alvanon. Accessed: Sep. 16 2022. Available: https://alvanon.com/
VitalMechanics. Accessed: Apr. 15 2024. Available: https://www.vitalmechanics.com/
M. B. Silver-Thorn, "In vivo indentation of lower extremity limb soft tissues," IEEE transactions on rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 268–277, 1999, doi: 10.1109/86.788464.
Y. Zheng and A. F. Mak, "Effective elastic properties for lower limb soft tissues from manual indentation experiment," IEEE transactions on rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 257–267, 1999, doi: 10.1109/86.788463.
A. Bel-Brunon, L. Bouten, J Cornolo, and F. Morestin, "Numerical modeling of bra wear during running,", 2013, https://www.academia.edu/64214334/Numerical_Modeling_of_Bra_Wear_During_Running
Y. Cai et al., "A piecewise mass-spring-damper model of the human breast," Journal of biomechanics, vol. 67, pp. 137–143, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.11.027.
C. A. YIQING, "Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Bra Fitting Using Finite Element Mod-els," Ph.D Thesis, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 2016.
L. Ruixin, J. Yip, W. Yu, L. Chen, and N. Lau, "Computational modelling methods for sports bra–body interactions," IJCST, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 921–934, 2020, doi: 10.1108/IJCST-09-2019-0143.
Thomas A. Krouskop, Thomas M. Wheeler, Faouzi Kallel, Brian S. Garra, and and Timothy Hall, "Elastic Moduli of Breast and Prostate Tissues under Compression,"
L. Han et al., "Development of patient-specific biomechanical models for predicting large breast deformation," Physics in medicine and biology, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 455–472, 2012, doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/57/2/455.
M. L. Stewart, L. M. Smith, and N. Hall, "A numerical investigation of breast compres-sion: a computer-aided design approach for prescribing boundary conditions," IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 2876–2884, 2011, doi: 10.1109/TBME.2011.2162063.
CHRISTINE TANNER, TIMOTHY J. CARTER AND DAVID J. HAWKES, "3D REZON-ING FOR FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF LARGE BREAST DEFORMATIONS,"
C. Tanner, J. A. Schnabel, D. L. G. Hill, D. J. Hawkes, M. O. Leach, and D. R. Hose, "Factors influencing the accuracy of biomechanical breast models," Medical physics, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 1758–1769, 2006, doi: 10.1118/1.2198315.
R. Liang, J. Yip, W. Yu, L. Chen, and N. M. Lau, "Numerical simulation of nonlinear material behaviour: Application to sports bra design," Materials & Design, vol. 183, p. 108177, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108177.
L. Hong, C. Dongsheng, W. Qufu, and P. Ruru, "A study of the relationship between clothing pressure and garment bust strain, and Young's modulus of fabric, based on a finite element model," Textile Research Journal, vol. 81, no. 13, pp. 1307–1319, 2011, doi: 10.1177/0040517510399961.
Y. Li, X. Zhang, and K. Yeung, "A 3D Biomechanical Model for Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Mechanical Interactions of Bra and Breast during Wear," Fiber, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 12–21, 2003, doi: 10.2115/fiber.59.12.
L.-H. Chen, S.-P. Ng, W. Yu, J. Zhou, and K. W. F. Wan, "A study of breast motion using non-linear dynamic FE analysis," Ergonomics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 868–878, 2013, doi: 10.1080/00140139.2013.777798.
V. Rajagopal et al., "Creating individual-specific biomechanical models of the breast for medical image analysis," Academic radiology, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 1425–1436, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2008.07.017.
A. P. Del Palomar, B. Calvo, J. Herrero, J. López, and M. Doblaré, "A finite element model to accurately predict real deformations of the breast," Medical engineering & physics, vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 1089–1097, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2008.01.005.
S. Liu, G. Sun, H. Zuo, X. Chen, S. Shang, and H. Hu, "Predicting the effect of bra pad specifications on breast deformation during jumping using a finite element meth-od," IJCST, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 779–798, 2023, doi: 10.1108/IJCST-02-2023-0009.
Y. Sun et al., "Finite Element Analysis on Contact Pressure and 3D Breast Defor-mation for Application in Women's Bras," Fibers Polym, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 2910–2921, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s12221-021-0878-0.
Y. Sun et al., "3D bra and human interactive modeling using finite element method for bra design," Computer-Aided Design, vol. 114, pp. 13–27, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.cad.2019.04.006.
Y. Sun, L. Chen, K. Yick, W. Yu, N. Lau, and W. Jiao, "Optimization method for the determination of Mooney-Rivlin material coefficients of the human breasts in-vivo us-ing static and dynamic finite element models," Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials, vol. 90, pp. 615–625, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.11.016.
DEFORMATION ANALYSIS OF POLYMER FOAMS UNDER COMPRESSION LOAD USING IN SITU COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION METHODS, "Weißenborn, O.; Geller, S.; Gude, M.; Post, F.; Praetorius, Voigt, A.; Aland, S.," ECCM17 - 17th European Conference on Composite Materials, 2016.
J. Hartung, C. Mergl, and H. Bubb, "Reliability of Pressure Measurement on Car Seats," in SAE Technical Paper Series, 2004.
C. Mergl, Development of a process for optimising seating comfort on car seats. Technical University of Munich, 2006.
J. S. Oh, D.-Y. Kim, T. H. Kim, H. Y. Kim, S. H. Lee, and K. Y. Choi, "Numerical predic-tion of the viscoelastic deformation of seat foam in response to long-term driving," Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, vol. 229, no. 2, pp. 214–225, 2015, doi: 10.1177/0954407014537641.
D. Dorugade, S. Rakheja, and P.-E. Boileau, "Modeling and validation of static and dynamic seat cushion characteristics," 12th European LS-DYNA Conference 2019.
Corentin Blanchard, Thomas Weisser, Romain Barbeau, Evelyne Aubry, and Anne-Isabelle Mallet-da Costa, "Study of the static and dynamic behaviour of PU foam: from the material sample to the automotive seat.,"
H. Y. Choi, S. Sah, S. Na, K. N. Montmayeur, and C. Marca, "Human Body Modeling for Virtual Seat Comfort Testing," in SAE Technical Paper Series, 2006.
Schmidt, A.-M.(2025) Novel methodologies for digital investigations of clothing-body-interactions: Advancing development of tightly fitted clothing using 4D scan data and finite element analysis based on deformable human body models. Springer Cham, ISBN: 978-3-031-91793-6, (08/2025).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ann-Malin Schmidt, Ingrid Peraza, Jana Siegmund, Yordan Kyosev

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.